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Esophagectomy - minimally invasive
Definition
Minimally invasive esophagectomy is surgery to remove part or all of the esophagus, the tube that moves food from your throat to your stomach. After it is removed, the esophagus is rebuilt from part of your stomach or part of your large intestine.
Most of the time, esophagectomy is done to treat cancer of the esophagus.
Alternative Names
Minimally invasive esophagectomy; Robotic esophagectomy; Removal of the esophagus - minimally invasive
Description
There are many ways to do this surgery. Talk with your doctor about what type of surgery is best for you. It will depend on where in your esophagus your cancer is, how much it has spread, and how healthy you are.
Laparoscopy is one way to do this surgery:
- Your surgeon will make three to four small cuts in your upper belly, chest, or lower neck. These cuts will be less than ½-inch long.
- The laparoscope, with a camera on the end, will be inserted through one of the cuts into your upper belly. Video from the camera will appear on a monitor in the operating room. Other medical instruments will be inserted through the other cuts.
- Your surgeon will close off one part of your stomach with staples and cut this section off. This part of your stomach will be used to form a new tube to replace the part of your esophagus that is removed.
- Your surgeon will remove the part of your esophagus where your cancer is located, and any other related lymph nodes in the area.
- Your surgeon will join together your rebuilt esophagus and stomach in your neck or chest. Where they are joined will depend on how much of your esophagus was removed.
- Lymph nodes in your chest may also be removed if your cancer has spread to them. Your surgeon will remove them through a cut in the lower part of your neck.
- Your surgeon will place a feeding tube in your small intestine so that you can be fed while you are recovering from the surgery.
Some medical centers do esophagectomies using robotic surgery. In this type of surgery, a small camera and other instruments are inserted through small cuts in the skin. Your surgeon will do the surgery while operating a computer and watching the monitor. The surgeon controls the instruments and camera with a computer program.
See also: Robotic surgery
These surgeries usually take 3 - 6 hours.
Why the Procedure Is Performed
The most common reason for removing part, or all, of your esophagus is to treat cancer. You may also have radiation therapy or chemotherapy before or after surgery.
Surgery to remove the lower part of your esophagus may also be done to treat:
- Achalasia, a condition in which the esophagus doesn’t work well
- Pre-cancerous changes in the tissue of your esophagus, called high-grade dysplasia (Barrett's esophagus)
- Severe trauma
Risks
Esophagectomy is major surgery and has many possible risks. Some of them are serious. You should discuss these risks with your surgeon.
The risks from this surgery, or for problems after surgery, may be greater than normal if:
- You are unable to walk even for short distances, which increases the risk of blood clots, lung problems, and pressure sores
- You are still growing
- You are older than 60 to 65
- You are a heavy smoker
- You are obese
- You have lost a lot of weight from your cancer
- You are on steroid medications
Risks for any anesthesia are:
- Allergic reactions to medicines
- Breathing problems
Risks for any surgery are:
- Blood clots in the legs that may travel to the lungs
- Blood loss
- Heart attack or stroke during surgery
- Infection, including in the surgical wound, lungs (pneumonia), bladder, or kidney
Risks for this surgery are:
- Acid reflux
- Injury to the stomach, intestines, lungs, or other organs during surgery
- Leakage of the contents of your esophagus or stomach where the surgeon joined them together
- Narrowing of the connection between your stomach and esophagus
Before the Procedure
You will have many doctor visits and medical tests before you have this surgery. Some of these are:
- A complete physical examination
- Visits with your doctor to make sure other medical problems you may have, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart or lung problems, are under control
- Nutritional counseling
- A visit or class to learn what happens during the surgery, what you should expect afterward, and what risks or problems may occur afterward
If you are a smoker, you should stop several weeks before the surgery. Your doctor or nurse for can help.
Always tell your doctor or nurse:
- If you are or might be pregnant
- What drugs, vitamins, and other supplements you are taking, even ones you bought without a prescription
- If you have been drinking a lot of alcohol, more than one or two drinks a day.
During the week before your surgery:
- You may be asked to stop taking drugs that make it hard for your blood to clot. Some of these are aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), vitamin E, warfarin (Coumadin), and clopidogrel (Plavix),or ticlopidine (Ticlid).
- Ask your doctor which drugs you should still take on the day of your surgery.
- Prepare your home for after the surgery.
On the day of your surgery:
- Do not eat or drink anything after midnight the night before your surgery.
- Take the drugs your doctor told you to take with a small sip of water.
- Your doctor or nurse will tell you when to arrive at the hospital.
After the Procedure
Most people stay in the hospital for 7 to 14 days after an esophagectomy. How long you stay will depend on what type of surgery you had. You may spend 1 to 3 days in the intensive care unit (ICU) right after surgery.
During your hospital stay, you will:
- Be asked to sit on the side of your bed and walk on the same day you had surgery
- Not be able to eat for at least the first 2 to 3 days after surgery. After that, you will begin with liquids. You will be fed through a feeding tube that goes into your intestine.
- Have a tube coming out of the side of your chest to drain fluids that build up
- Wear special stockings on your feet and legs to prevent blood clots
- Receive shots to prevent blood clots
- Receive pain medicine through an IV or take pills. You may receive your pain medicine through a special pump. With this pump, you press a button to deliver pain medicine when you need it. This allows you to control the amount of pain medicine you get.
- Do breathing exercises
Outlook (Prognosis)
Many people recover well from this surgery and can eat a fairly normal diet after they recover. Talk with your doctor about the best way to treat your cancer.
Esophagectomy is best performed at a center that routinely does this type of surgery.
References
Maish M. Esophagus. In: Townsend CM, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2008:chap 41.
National Cancer Institute. Esophageal Cancer Treatment PDQ. Updated 1/24/2011.
Reviewed By: Shabir Bhimji, MD, PhD, Specializing in General Surgery, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Midland, TX. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
